http://ping.fm/OaENH ancing to its fullest extent Russian trade and of gaining the strategic advantages of such an enterprise, which

http://ping.fm/ZkIYi to which we have so long been accustomed, but by supplying capital in hard cash, for the double purpose of enh

http://ping.fm/foxi0 discarded by us as worthless), and this it did, not by empty-winded, pompous speeches and temporising promises,

http://ping.fm/3S61K nment for the insight, enterprise and sound statesmanship with which it lost no time in supporting the scheme (

http://ping.fm/PtAfP and more far-seeing Russian official and trader. Any fair-minded person cannot help admiring the Russian Gover

http://ping.fm/FmrM2 tish Government, capitalist, and merchant did not seem to grasp, but which was fully appreciated by the quicker

http://ping.fm/cY2rV eginning a prospect of being very successful, even merely considered as a trade route--a prospect which the Bri

http://ping.fm/i8WQg scribed, which was at once done principally by the original shareholders.

The speculation had from the very b

http://ping.fm/mXRfY e Russian Government, and a further 500,000 rubles on condition that 700,000 rubles additional capital were sub

http://ping.fm/NOe4f rubles each, or 1,000,000 rubles original capital subscribed in Moscow; 1,000,000 rubles debentures taken by th

http://ping.fm/W5NrB 340,000 employed in the construction of the road was subscribed in the following manner: 1,000 shares of 1,000

http://ping.fm/QNFaF no considerable expense, the ground having been made very hard nearly all along the road.

The capital of £

http://ping.fm/byk5H n zig-zag, it has very sharp angles, a light railway could be laid upon it in a surprisingly short time and at

http://ping.fm/9NB4X ery few points, however, it is as steep as 1 in 15. If the hill portion of the road is excepted, where, being i

http://ping.fm/9G9Ke averages twenty-one feet. In difficult places, such as along ravines, or where the road had to be cut into the

http://ping.fm/5yYPm her, via Mala Ali and Kuhim, the old track being met again at the village of Agha Baba.

The width of the road

http://ping.fm/y0XJV om Paichinar to Kasvin, so that practically the portion of the road from Menzil to Kasvin is a new road altoget

http://ping.fm/wCjgF ne to make the road sufficiently broad for wheeled traffic; then came the important detour, as we have seen, fr

http://ping.fm/bMNxP the Russian engineers had slightly more trouble in constructing the road. A good deal of blasting had to be do

http://ping.fm/pV61Q ed by the great bridge, to reach Menzil, which lies on the opposite side of the stream.

From Menzil to Kasvin

http://ping.fm/Cl2KY changing its name into Sefid Rud (the White River). Some miles after passing Rudbar, the river has to be cross

http://ping.fm/f198i s first in a south-easterly direction, and then turns at Menzil almost at a right angle towards the north-east,

http://ping.fm/iSH6t is practically along the old track on the north-west bank of the Kizil Uzen River, which, from its source flow

http://ping.fm/DP3vY Kudum the road strikes due south across country. From Kudum (altitude, 292 feet) to Rudbar (665 feet) the road

http://ping.fm/d0Yj7 ams and ravines, the longest being the bridge at Menzil, 142 yards long.

From Resht, via Deschambe Bazaar, to

http://ping.fm/gGiu9 ad is a good one and is well kept. Three large bridges and fifty-eight small ones have been spanned across stre

http://ping.fm/bJ1Hh pass--7,500 feet--over which the old track went.

Considering the nature of the country it crosses, the new ro

http://ping.fm/z7TLE at elevation, 5,000 feet being the highest point. It follows the old caravan track nearly all the way, the only

http://ping.fm/Ct38p Piri-Bazaar-Teheran road.

The road was very easy to make, being mostly over flat country and rising to no gre

http://ping.fm/ZqPXi eady obtained the right to widen the mouth of the Murd-ap at Enzeli, in conjunction with the concession of the

http://ping.fm/u4eUT insignificant degree. The navigation of the lagoon and stream presents no difficulty, and the Russians have alr

http://ping.fm/LUv7R t constantly at work, Enzeli could become quite a possible harbour, and the dangers of long delays and the pres

http://ping.fm/Cot03 ent risks that await passengers and goods, if not absolutely avoided, would at least be minimised to an almost

http://ping.fm/BGOnG jetty which could be built at no very considerable expense (as it probably will be some day) and a dredger kep

http://ping.fm/AlqAW extremely frequent. As we have seen, there are not more than six feet of water on the bar at Enzeli, but with a

http://ping.fm/1d1zG tion from the wind exists on any side, and wrecks, considering the small amount of navigation on that sea, are

http://ping.fm/pK6Gg between Resht and Teheran.]

The Caspian is stormy the greater part of the year, the water shallow, no protec

http://ping.fm/QHJx8 eli--thirty-six hours--occupied him the space of twenty-six days!

[Illustration: Fourgons on the Russian Road

http://ping.fm/jgqT7 ee, or even four times. One gentleman I met in Persia told me that on one occasion the journey from Baku to Enz

http://ping.fm/HPz7k t alternative, which we have seen, of having to return to one's point of departure and begin again, two, or thr

http://ping.fm/uUxB1 roved, so that small ships may enter in safety and land passengers and goods each journey without the unpleasan

http://ping.fm/rWEYm country, but for military purposes it would prove invaluable. Maybe its use in the latter capacity will be sho

http://ping.fm/nL2TU wn sooner than we in England think.

Of course, to complete the scheme the landing at Enzeli must still be imp

http://ping.fm/umnYs the road be most useful for the transit of Russian goods to the capital of Persia, and from there all over the

http://ping.fm/uwOhF the concession, apart from its political importance, was a most excellent financial investment. Not only would

http://ping.fm/yCg2g

It was, beyond doubt, from the very beginning--except to people absolutely ignorant and mentally blind--that

http://ping.fm/4lv8w ple well versed in Persian affairs, and well able to foresee the enormous possibilities of such an undertaking.

http://ping.fm/QYw4c to have anything to do with the scheme. The Russians had the next offer and jumped at it, as was natural in peo

http://ping.fm/O2J4h argued--especially the people who did not know what they were arguing about--and eventually absolutely refused

http://ping.fm/dRGLb . The concession was offered as a guarantee for the loan, but we, as usual, temporised and thought it over and

http://ping.fm/piTCR ivilege all such small cash as may lie idle in their pockets.

Down and down the crowd goes through the long wi

http://ping.fm/VHomH rocure verdure at all costs in the gardens. It is seldom one's lot to see trees and plants look more pitiabl

http://ping.fm/SpOmo most depressing sight in Baku is the vegetation, or rather the strenuous efforts of the lover of plants to p

http://ping.fm/mFLkv han of Baku precipitated herself on to the rocks below because she could not marry the man she loved.

The

http://ping.fm/LCt8M e stoop over the bodies and kiss them fervently all over, voluntarily and gladly disbursing in return for the pr

http://ping.fm/JXnvV ht in Baku is the round Maiden's Tower by the water edge, from the top of which the lovely daughter of the K

http://ping.fm/y7N47 pilgrims when the identity of each saint is explained by the priest conducting the party. The more devout peopl

http://ping.fm/xBLG1 ng, the procession halts before mummified and most unattractive bodies, a buzzing of prayers being raised by the

http://ping.fm/69501 e Russian Empire in 1806 the harbour has been very strongly fortified.

The most striking architectural sig

http://ping.fm/97NY1 ich one lights and carries in one's hand down the steep and slippery steps of the subterranean passages. All alo

http://ping.fm/yHYIX od ship-yards and is the principal station of the Russian fleet in the Caspian. Since Baku became part of th

http://ping.fm/hx4wy s at the entrance of the catacomb present to each pilgrim, as a memento, a useful and much valued wax candle, wh

http://ping.fm/UIicf u Bay, protected as it is by a small island in front of it, affords a safe anchorage for shipping. It has go

http://ping.fm/FRRL2 y small quantities. Machinery, grain and dried fruit constitute the chief imports.

The crescent-shaped Bak

http://ping.fm/eFqbV increased by devout gifts.

But let us visit the catacombs.

The spare-looking, long-haired and bearded priest

http://ping.fm/cbypF onsists mostly of Armenians and Persians. Cotton, saffron, opium, silk and salt are exported in comparativel

http://ping.fm/Dp07t ,000 pilgrims are said to receive board and lodging yearly in the monastery. These are naturally pilgrims of the

http://ping.fm/QPKEA lower classes.

Enormous riches in solid gold, silver and jewellery are stored in the monastery and are daily

http://ping.fm/tnTDj e hill top crowned by a castle and the Mosque of Shah Abbas, constant murders occur. The native population c

http://ping.fm/n14qy onastery itself bears the appearance of great wealth, and has special accommodation for pilgrims. As many as 200

http://ping.fm/nK8mn to fascinate the traveller. In the native city, Persian in type, with flat roofs one above the other and th

http://ping.fm/irZtg remains are stored in plain wood or silver-mounted coffins, duly labelled with adequate inscriptions. The huge m

http://ping.fm/gZ2zQ t night this has a weird effect.

Apart from the oil, Baku--especially the European settlement--has nothing

http://ping.fm/kgNgB wo bays near Baku is coated with inflammable stuff and can be ignited by throwing a lighted match upon it. A

http://ping.fm/zda1d pilgrims every year. The first catacomb contains forty-five bodies of saints, the other eighty and the revered

http://ping.fm/jtLjL numerous pipe lines. The whole country round is, however, impregnated with oil, and even the sea in one or t

http://ping.fm/QBMDU -Petcherskaya, near which the two catacombs of St. Theodosius and St. Antony attract over three hundred thousand

http://ping.fm/ZXTZU ighbourhood, and the course of the river down below.

But Kiev is famous above all for its monastery, the Kievo

http://ping.fm/zAeYb d as an arsenal, but because from the high tower a most excellent panoramic view is obtained of the city, the ne

http://ping.fm/PbiiS ew miles out of the town on the Balakhani Peninsula, and the naphtha is carried into the Baku refineries by

http://ping.fm/8rod0 l pass has to be obtained from the military authorities to be allowed to enter it, not so much because it is use

http://ping.fm/mlrsy tha are used as fuel, being very much cheaper than coal or wood.

The greater number of wells are found a f

http://ping.fm/fOiBQ of refinement. There are at the present moment hundreds of refineries in Baku. The residue and waste of naph

http://ping.fm/ZIhdZ raised above ground and emptied into pits provided for the purpose. The naphtha then undergoes the process

http://ping.fm/HeB7p ter the Great erected a fortress here in a most commanding spot. It is said to contain up-to-date guns. A specia

http://ping.fm/YUZ5X ctured in huge quantities, and in the monastery there is a very ancient printing-press for religious books.

Pe

http://ping.fm/0jxKH nd allowing the tube to fill while it descends, and closing automatically when the tube is full and is being

http://ping.fm/PzQ6v , and next come leather tanneries, worked leather, machinery, spirits, grain and tobacco. Wax candles are manufa

http://ping.fm/o1DT1 he wooden shed, now from one well, now from another.

The process of bringing naphtha to the surface under

http://ping.fm/RWYjF the beginning of the Russian year. There are many beet-root sugar refineries, the staple industry of the country

http://ping.fm/1pubG ordinary circumstances is simple and effective, a metal cylinder is employed that has a valve at the lower e

http://ping.fm/VzWuS business on a small scale, however, is transacted at the various fairs held in Kiev, such as the great fair at

http://ping.fm/ijWRh amid, and it is a common occurrence to see a big spout of naphtha rising outside and high above the top of t

http://ping.fm/8Ink5 lf-educated, or half uneducated, masses are probably the weakness to-day of most other civilised nations.

Some

http://ping.fm/W4wwi deluged a good portion of the neighbourhood. A year later, in 1887, another fountain rose to a height of 350

http://ping.fm/B7qBy ft. There are myriads of other lesser fountains and wells, each covered by a wooden shed like a slender pyr

http://ping.fm/HQQrU n God, the Czar and their leaders, may yet lie the greatest strength of Russia. It must not be forgotten that ha

http://ping.fm/nlifF deluged a good portion of the neighbourhood. A year later, in 1887, another fountain rose to a height of 350

http://ping.fm/MOrfI even probable, that in the ignorance of the masses, in the fervent and unshaken confidence which they possess i

http://ping.fm/3JTiN on, and with education, too powerful a light thrown upon superstition and idolatry. It is nevertheless possible,

http://ping.fm/daE5b er here states that he gives the exact words of the ancient tradition. He probably wrote the text from some

http://ping.fm/RMOJD e names seems to point to an ancient influence of some allophyllic tongue.

4. He [c]a [c]oh, etc. The writ

http://ping.fm/oAvKa cy.

Daqui; the letter d does not occur either in Cakchiquel or Nahuatl. The foreign aspect of some of thes

http://ping.fm/bjauV ur, the Caveki, the Ah Queh, the Ah Pak, and the Ykomagi, were of the same lineage, but not in the confedera

http://ping.fm/aBp8u graph. These four, the Xahila, the Gekaquch, the Baqahol, and the Cibaki, formed the tribe; the remaining fo

http://ping.fm/euflR On this see the Introduction. The our[TN-26] referred to include the Xahila, mentioned in the previous para

http://ping.fm/Lx49A men, viri, not homines, which latter is vinak.

Xahila, a plural form. The name maybe derived from xahoh, t

http://ping.fm/X4AMM o dance in the sacred or ceremonial dances; or from ahila, to reckon or number.

3. chinamit, the sub-gens.

http://ping.fm/2oBG6 ually means hill or mountain; but it is frequently used in the vague sense of "place," "locality."

achij,

http://ping.fm/NBGoH icle vi, see Grammar, p. 63.

pa Tulan ru bi huyu, from the country or place called Tulan. The word huyu us

http://ping.fm/xjQJA verb paloh, to lift onesself up, to rise, referring to the waves.

pe vi, and vi pe; on the use of the part

http://ping.fm/rC5bv e, are Nahuatl.

[c]haka palouh, the other side of the sea. The word palouh appears to be derived from the

http://ping.fm/GCU5t is "fire," and Zak is "white," both Cakchiquel words, but vitzli, thorn, and techatl, the stone of sacrific

http://ping.fm/Xshab Zactecauh. Both these names of the ancestral heroes of the Cakchiquels appear to be partly Nahuatl. [t]a[t]

http://ping.fm/BTkQl e, ex. Brasseur translates these words "being still in Tulan," which does not make sense.

2. [t]a[t]avitz,

http://ping.fm/m4Xit wel pan) means in, at, to, and from. Torresano (MS. Gram.) renders it by the Latin ad, pro, absque, ab, de,

http://ping.fm/gGpat intimates that this account was prepared for the family of the writer.

pa Tulan. The prep. pa (before a vo

http://ping.fm/4sejj se terms are to be understood in a general sense.

yx nu qahol, you my sons, or yx ka qahol, you our sons,

http://ping.fm/aZUdq he expression.

ka tata, our fathers, ka mama, our grandfathers and ancestors more remote than fathers. The

http://ping.fm/NJEz1 the absolute form of boÁ, here, as often, used actively. Compare Gram., p. 49.

la[t]abex, passive of l

http://ping.fm/4a9mQ a[t]abeh, to inhabit, to settle.

huyu ta[t]ah, hills and plains, or, the interior and the coast; an expres

http://ping.fm/DqgK8 s reporting the words of another.

ki, an intensive or affirmative particle, thrown in to add strength to t

http://ping.fm/AIxa4 sion meaning the whole country.

que cha, they say, used as the French on dit, indicating that the writer i

http://ping.fm/rLdM5 the absolute form of boÁ, here, as often, used actively. Compare Gram., p. 49.

la[t]abex, passive of l

http://ping.fm/W2dH3 a[t]abeh, to inhabit, to settle.

huyu ta[t]ah, hills and plains, or, the interior and the coast; an expres

http://ping.fm/LLeV4 ,]ibah, future of [c,]ibah, to write, originally to paint.

xeboÁo, past tense, third person, plural, of

http://ping.fm/ao1Fq pleted on the day 10 Ah.



NOTES.

1. The author begins by stating his purpose in a few lines.

xtinu[c

http://ping.fm/SjThM Galel Bagahol were Alcaldes in the year 1559.

The first year of the fourth cycle since the revolt was com

http://ping.fm/NnaCQ and as I was writing, we also were attacked with the disease.

Diego Ernandez Xahil and Francisco Ernandez

http://ping.fm/fDJ7q All here were soon attacked. These maladies began, O my children, on the day of the Circumcision, a Monday,

http://ping.fm/4caXJ ose; there was a cough, and the throat and nose were swollen, both in the lesser and the greater pestilence.

http://ping.fm/7hOzU s bowed their heads before it. The people were seized with a chill and then a fever; blood issued from the n

http://ping.fm/rIOmF came from a distance. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many familie

http://ping.fm/762y7 l of the President at Pangan, began here again the pestilence which had formerly raged among the people. It

http://ping.fm/geKNF angan on 1 Akbal, Don Diego Pez was inaugurated as chief by the ruler Ramirez.

Six months after the arriva

http://ping.fm/1GhFo we were in the eleventh month of the year, a President Royal arrived, on the day 3 Qat. When he arrived at P

http://ping.fm/G9hiz eted the third cycle since the Revolt was made. The third cycle was completed in the year 1558.

185. When

http://ping.fm/ggPI1 ater writer: These were the first Alcaldes, and with them began the elections.)

On the day 13 Ah was compl

http://ping.fm/4jv5r amirez sallied forth as general, and Don Martin went also as general, twenty days before the close of the th

http://ping.fm/diK2W ird cycle.

Don Juan Juarez and Francisco Pez Martin were chosen as Alcaldes, to issue orders. (Note by a l

http://ping.fm/CGS7b e course of the year an incursion was made to destroy the Lacantuns. It was on the day 5 Ey that the ruler R

http://ping.fm/FwQFK e after the revolt.

184. The Alcaldes in the year 1557 were Don Juan Juarez and Don Francisco Fez.

In th

http://ping.fm/OT4Lb uld not accept the Doctrina, but refused it.

On the day 3 Ah was completed the 19th year of the third cycl

http://ping.fm/4PBmY of the order of Ramirez, the Book of the Doctrina was published, on the day of Saints, a Monday; but many wo

http://ping.fm/SqYdZ ez was promulgated on the day of St. Francis, a Monday, the day 7 Camey. Twenty days after the promulgation

http://ping.fm/28LnS d and that of roast fowls, and none of the chiefs could steal anything from the surplus. This order of Ramir

http://ping.fm/cBbdp een a surplus under the chiefs; it was known to be stolen, but no one knew by whom. The maize tax was reduce

http://ping.fm/cXPYx f the nobility among the people. He also made provision for the surplusage of the tribute. There had never b

http://ping.fm/A9i6w e rulers, the Prince Ramirez, the Doctor Mercia and Louaisa. They held court at Panchoy. In the 14th month o

http://ping.fm/M9pN7 f the year, after this day of Sanctiago, there came an order from Ramirez. He imposed a tribute on members o

http://ping.fm/Ev2MZ have named.

Tok xban [c]a yuhuh chi Yximche.

Then the Revolt Took Place at Iximche.

99. Vae xa vuleuh ri r

http://ping.fm/MZEjj g been assaulted, it was captured by our ancestors Oxlahuh tzy and Cablahuh Tihax, who put to death all whom we

http://ping.fm/BOYv3 descended from his town and for thirteen days endeavored to save his life. Finally the town of Paraxtunya havin

http://ping.fm/OzBYn was resolved upon. Warriors set out to slay him. But Caoke was brave, and, far from yielding, thirteen times he

http://ping.fm/dlCau assumed the supreme power. Let us give them war." So said the chieftains, and from that time the death of Caoke

http://ping.fm/7LUZT hiefs Ahtziquinahay and Belehe gih. They have turned war toward us, and the chief Caoke has already in his heart

http://ping.fm/dELI9 Oxlahuh tzy and Cablahuh Tihax learning these preparations for war, said: "Truly there is an evil mind in the c

http://ping.fm/pSAhW nd war was in his heart. Having built a stronghold with ditches, Belehe gih desired the supreme power. The kings

http://ping.fm/KU1xj ma Oxlahuh [c,]ij, Cablahuh Tihax, xcaminak ok [c]a ronohel ri mixkabijh can.

98. At Paraxtunya, Belehe gih by

http://ping.fm/tWNeh name was chief. He had made an alliance with the chief Voocaok, the Ahtziquinahay. Caoke was inclined to war, a

http://ping.fm/IAj6G roxlah xka ru tinamit, xutih ru [t]ih Caoke oxlahuh chi[t]ih, xban tzaloh, ok xka tinamit Paraxtunya cuma ka ma

http://ping.fm/QKz8m ahaua. Cani [c]a xhique ru camic Caoke, xbe achiha camiÁay richin, kitzih [c]a achih Caoke, ru nah xcam, [c]a

http://ping.fm/4rd9g tan qui ru Áol chuvih chi nu vach, mi xu[c]am [t]a[t]al chu [c]ux chi Caoke utz ka bana labal ru[c]in, xecha

http://ping.fm/lc3q5 ok xa[c]a xax ru tzihol qui Áolbol labal: ki vi pe chi ytzel ru [c]ux chi Ah[c,]iquinahay chi Belehe [t]ih,

http://ping.fm/ZC9Tc ]oxtun ru [c]otoh, [t]a[t]al chic xraho ahauh Belehe [t]ih: tok xecha [c]a ahaua Oxlahuh [c,]ij, Cablahuh Tihax,

http://ping.fm/Mc4se ax rach[c]ul chijh ahauh Voo Caok, Ah[c,]iquinahay; xa xuÁolrih labal Caoke, labal ru [c]ux. Cani xuban ru [c

http://ping.fm/2E4wO ailed their dead.

Ru camibal chic Caoke vae.

The Death of Caoke.

98. Paraxtunya, Belehe[t]ih rubi ahauh. X

http://ping.fm/eKyNZ and Cablahuh Tihax. Desiring to repeople Xerahapit, the Akahal nation were transferred there, and there they bew

http://ping.fm/LqKfL dwelt many people of the Akahal nation. All the towns finished by yielding to the arms of the kings Oxlahuh tzy

http://ping.fm/NPyBJ ame that the city of Holom was conquered, as also the towns of Qaxqan, Ralabalyq, Guguhuyu and Vukucivan, where

http://ping.fm/dFd5K meltoh, Huvurahbix, Vailgahol; thus they were called, these noble men, who went forth to die with him. Thus it c

http://ping.fm/YdLXX t Iximche. These are the names of the warriors who perished with him, all distinguished men: Zoroch, Hukahic, Ta

http://ping.fm/S0muK up bearer was seized as soon as he entered, and was slain, as of the Akahal nation. Thus perished Ychal Amolac a

http://ping.fm/XdVEp called to the council, but no sooner was he entered than he was slain, and his brave companions with him. His c

http://ping.fm/WkIzz re they were consulting of his death. It had been decided upon by the chiefs when he came. At his arrival he was

http://ping.fm/28S3J vinak, [c]a chiri [c]a xto[t]e vi ru camic.

97. His face was sorrowful as he entered the city of Iximche, whe

http://ping.fm/CsZhF amit cuma ahaua Oxlahuh [c,]iy, Cablahuh Tihax, xrah [c]a ru la[t]abeh chic, Xerahapit, ru kaxba chi chic Akahal

http://ping.fm/hjmth ak chuvi tinamit, [c]ax[c]an, Ralabal Y[c], [t]u[t]uhuyu, VukuÁivan. Xavi [c]ax [c]iz cam chic ri ronohel tin

http://ping.fm/l7BZA ak achiha, [c]iy [c]a chubinem achiha xcam. Quere[c]a rukahic tinamit chi Holom, ri [c]iy [c]a [c]ovi Akahal vin

http://ping.fm/0vF7Z cam ru[c]in, he nimak achiha: «oroch, Hukahic, Tameltoh, Huvarahbix, Vail[c]ahol, queucheex, he [t]a[t]alah t

http://ping.fm/DIiHx xe yaar chicamic Akahal vinak. Quere[c]a rucamic Y[c]hal Amolac ri chi Yximchee. Va[c]a quibi rachihilale, ri xe

http://ping.fm/asgNv xul; xaki xrulibeh tok xcam ahauh ru[c]in ronohel rachihilal: xchapol richin ri yacol cu[c]i ya, tok xoc apon,

http://ping.fm/4PFd2 ok xul pa tinamit chi Yximchee, hiquilibem chic ru camic, banoninak chic achiha tok xul; pan pop [c]a xtakevi ok

http://ping.fm/Ycf8C ed in midway to their houses and villages. The chief came on the day 10th Noh.

97. Xa [c]a [c]elavachiym chic

http://ping.fm/IGVV8 hand, that you appear not cast down before the Zotzil Tukuches." Thus he spoke to his warriors, and they return

http://ping.fm/rqQyx n he heard them he said: "Look to your walls; look to your lime and your war paint; be prepared and your arms at

http://ping.fm/B83A6 ese words. When it was known that the king was on the road, the people came to carry him on their shoulders. Whe

http://ping.fm/VQV2J to his house: "Whether I return, or whether I do not return, my death is at hand." The king departed, saying th

http://ping.fm/mpKdr tzolih [c]hakap ru hay ru chinamit, tok relic chic ahauh lahuh Noh.

96. Then the king Ychal went forth, and a

http://ping.fm/unQQl great number of distinguished warriors went with the king. He was profound in knowledge, and he left these words

http://ping.fm/ClZkv b quixbanon quix vikon baka ki xbiÁah ki chuvach «o[c,]il Tukuchee, xcha chique rachihilal. Quere[c]a ok x

http://ping.fm/KdHu0 ul cani xuna ahauh, ki [c]a tel pe Áakli[c]ahol ri ahauh; tok xuna, xcha: Ti[c,]eta na [c,]ak, chun Áakca

http://ping.fm/1gLuZ xcha can ru pixa chi rochoch: Vue quinul vue maqui chic quinul, vue yn camel; vae xquibe xcha can ahauh. Ok xpe

http://ping.fm/UX5xl n and Xumak Cham, who were envious of his person on account of the riches that he had, and the height to which h

http://ping.fm/nv9DG e had raised his courage.

96. Tok xpe [c]a ul ahauh Y[c]hal, tzatz rachihilal xpe naual ahauh [c]a ri Y[c]hal,

http://ping.fm/mUJzD s death was resolved upon by our ancestors--Hunahpu Tzian, Nimazahay, Ahciqahuh, Qhooc Tacatic, Tzimahi Piaculca

http://ping.fm/JJKLo he be hidden from the light, that we disobey not the Demon on account of Ychal." Thus spoke the princes. Then hi

http://ping.fm/8qGU9 iced when the words of Ychal reached them, and the chiefs took counsel in words against Ychal: "It is well that

http://ping.fm/ecLdR ]hal, xecha ahaua cani xhique ru camic cuma ka mama--Hunahpu [c,]ian, NimaÁahay, Ahci[c]ahuh, [c]hooc Tacatic

http://ping.fm/Y0VY5 quitzih ahaua chirih Y[c]hal: Utz mixpe cani ti ka chup ru vach maqui ti keleÁah chic kivi [c]axto[c] chi Y[c

http://ping.fm/TjckW tan [c]atu, tok xbiyin ahauarem chiqui vach he ka tata he ka mama; kitzih chie [c]iy ahaua xux, xax Áolo

http://ping.fm/N7dyf eal qui [c]ahol, ri e belehe chi achi, ri xe qui [c]aholah ahauh Caynoh, Cayba[c,]: xa [c]a ki xcam ahauh Ci

http://ping.fm/OGfn1 ]a ki xeÁutulakin, xeyamalakin ree; kitzih chi[c]iy qui tinamit qui huyubal xux, tok xe[c]iyar [c]a qui m

http://ping.fm/odL5k d during the time of the children of Caynoh and Caybatz. They were our first ancestors who established the r

http://ping.fm/4FHIv and received the homage of their subjects as Ahpop Qamahay and Galel Xahil. Thus was the monarchy establishe

http://ping.fm/ncIvb Caynoh received homage as Ahpop Xahil and Ahuchan Xahil; the two sons of the chief Caybatz took possession

http://ping.fm/UehJc . Immediately their posterity succeeded. Two by two they entered into power, and the two sons of the sons of

http://ping.fm/WmFho xohboÁo oh Xahila.

59. After the Galel Xahil and the Ahuchan Xahil had taken possession, the kings died

http://ping.fm/lkAra u [c]ahol Caynoh, Cayba[c,], he nabey ka mama xebano can ri ahauarem, yx nu[c]ahol, xahun ka tee tata xahun

http://ping.fm/4XHTm y ru [c]ahol ahauh Ahpop [c]amahay, Xahil [t]alel Xahil xquikaleh: x[c,]akat [c]a cahauarem chiqui vach he r

http://ping.fm/1oH11 ahpop Xahil, ahuchan Xahil xquikaleh ri e cay ru [c]ahol ru[c]ahol ahauh Cayba[c,], Caynoh: xeoc chi[c]a ca

http://ping.fm/EtWn7 Xahil, ahuchan Xahil, tok xecam ahaua. Cani [c]a xoc chic qui[c]exel; he caca qui [c]ahol xeoc chi ahauarem,

http://ping.fm/Xda6z cestors.

Xecam [c]a ri Caynoh Cayba[c,].

Death of Caynoh and Caybatz.

59. Xe [c]a oquenak can [t]alel

http://ping.fm/omhI9 Xahil. Thus we had four rulers, we the Xahila, and our royal power was established in the presence of our an

http://ping.fm/a4knp ssion of power and was made Ahuchan Xahil, and a son of Caybatz was placed on the throne and was made Galel

http://ping.fm/GFf0k our fathers; let our two sons partake of our power." So said they. Then a son of Caynoh was placed in posse

http://ping.fm/plPkE i vach.

58. Then Caynoh and Caybatz spoke thus: "Strong is now our royal power; we hold the rulership from

http://ping.fm/B9EnH a. Tok xoc [c]a hun ru [c]ahol ahauh Caynoh ahuchan Xahil rahauarem xux, xoc chic hun ru[c]ahol ahauh Cayba[

http://ping.fm/ED39d c,], [t]alel Xahil, rahauarem xux, quere[c]a cahi vi kahaual ri oh Xahila, x[c,]akat cahauarem ka mama chiqu

http://ping.fm/RX6yp ayba[c,]: ti [c,]akattah ri kahauarem oh ru pixabam vi ka tata; que oc tah cay ka [c]ahol chi ahauarem, xech

http://ping.fm/Y4VWV e of the magic power and wisdom of Gagavitz, Zactecauh, Caynoh and Caybatz.

58. Ok xecha [c]a ri Caynoh, C

http://ping.fm/R7LvK four sons and the second five sons, making nine sons begotten by Caynoh and Caybatz. Terrifying was the fam

http://ping.fm/VKI4K a[t]avitz, «actecauh, Caynoh, Cayba[c,].

57. Caynoh and Caybatz begat sons and daughters. The first had

http://ping.fm/G3Z0C e belehe chi achi xe qui [c]aholah ri Caynoh, Cayba[c,], xe re [c]a quitzih tixibin qui puz qui naval ri [t]

http://ping.fm/t463T e [c]aholan xe mealan [c]a, ri Caynoh, Cayba[c,], e cahi xe ru [c]aholah hun, e voo xe ru[c]aholah hunchic,

http://ping.fm/8J0xj made Ahpop Qamahay. Both were kings, and their words were as one, when they assumed the royal power.

57. X

http://ping.fm/ZtafG rem.

56. Then they entered in possession of the royal power. Caynoh was made Ahpop Xahil, and Caybatz was

http://ping.fm/bxgEo d the Galel Xahil and Ahucham Xahil, and all their fame perished with them.

56. Xeoc [c]a chi ahauarem, Ah

http://ping.fm/dyFn2 pop Xahil xux ri Caynoh, Ahpop [c]amahay xux ri Cayba[c,], e cay chi ahaua xeux humah tzih ok xeoc chi ahaua

http://ping.fm/AcqUG tribes rejoiced on seeing their faces, when they returned. Immediately they caused to be hanged and execute

http://ping.fm/W2dPo l, ronohel tzih tok xecam.

55. Returning, they arrived together, where were their wives. Therefore all the

http://ping.fm/k0gUR qui vach xquicot ronohel ama[t], tok xeapon chic. Cani [c]a xehi[c,]ax xecam ri [t]alel Xahil Ah ucham Xahi

http://ping.fm/gg2zz iquinahay rejoiced. Then they went forth to seek our ancestors.

Caponibal chic vae panche Chi[t]ohom.

Th

http://ping.fm/u2A4y e Arrival Again at the Woods Chigohom.

55. Xe apon [c]a chiri cachbilam chic quixhayil, quere bila x[c,]et

http://ping.fm/NehRe When Tepeuh heard the report he rejoiced, and the Cakchiquels rejoiced, and the Zotzil Tukuches and the Ahtz

http://ping.fm/stUNk ome." So said they, and immediately it was carried to the people. A messenger was sent to report to Tepeuh.

http://ping.fm/EzRfH y may kill us. Let them take these words, that we may go forth and be reconciled with Tepeuh. Then we will c

http://ping.fm/jZruv e not there. Who would be with us? Are we not humbled if we return before Tepeuh? We shall not come that the

http://ping.fm/3CnKZ happy," said they. Caynoh and Caybatz answered: "We shall not come if your rulers, the Galel and Ahucham, ar

http://ping.fm/yJV17 ed in the cavern, and those who had spoken met them coming: "We seek you, oh our rulers, and truly we are un

http://ping.fm/QYZOJ them!" so spoke Gekaquch, Baqahol, Cavek and Cibakihay concerning Caynoh and Caybatz. At length they search

http://ping.fm/Tq3eA e are truly afflicted; for we have heard their voices. Neither their mothers nor their fathers wish to leave

http://ping.fm/XPzGO ynoh Pecparupec (a cave
54. Then they were sought for by the tribe. "We seek our rulers. Where are they? W

http://ping.fm/glsEE they hid themselves in a cavern, and they retired into the cavern. The place where they hid was called by Ca

http://ping.fm/qqJp9 em, and they went to speak with Tepeuh. But they did not reach there, they feared to come before Tepeuh; so

http://ping.fm/64wcm ll do you no evil; you will go speak to Tepeuh and nothing will be said to you." Then wives were given to th

http://ping.fm/3cPaj against us." They answered: "Be not frightened. We shall give you wives; you shall be our sons-in-law; we wi

http://ping.fm/iR8dZ filled with fear. They cried out: "You have indeed, ruined us, oh ye Ahtziquinahay! Tepeuh will be angered

http://ping.fm/IGB4U hem as wives; Bubatzo was the name of one, Icxiuh of the other. Our ancestors not seeing their treasure were

http://ping.fm/gd5ij They were the daughters of the chiefs ZunÁunqun, Ganel, Mayahauh and Puciahauh. Caynoh and Caybatz took t

http://ping.fm/yOQph . "I will go with you," said Zakitzunun, speaking to Gagavitz. Then they were armed and their ornaments put

http://ping.fm/xyHaC Truly, the fire of the mountain was terrible. Then there was one named Zakitzunun, who wished to go with him

http://ping.fm/ueU5Z eart of a hero, that fears not. I will go first." Thus spoke Gagavitz to them: "You must not fear so soon."

http://ping.fm/cAqF3 h thou our brother?" So said all; and we replied: "Who of you wishes that I shall try my fortune? He has a h

http://ping.fm/RdDw1 hope. Who will go down to the capture of this fire? Who will descend for us, who are seeking our fortune, o

http://ping.fm/VEYwm estor, Gagavitz, and all the warriors said to him: "Thou our brother, thou hast arrived, thou in whom is our

http://ping.fm/de5AB e fire could be captured. They could but go on hoping. When he arrived at the mountain they spoke to our anc

http://ping.fm/sV7qI ad arrived at the foot of the mountain, no one spoke; truly, they grieved at heart, nor could one say how th

http://ping.fm/rbyJt on fire for a whole year, after which fire did not come forth. When all the warriors of the seven villages h

http://ping.fm/5Wumy the fire shooting forth afar off. No one could say how it could be passed by, as the mountain Gagxanul was

http://ping.fm/8Zwmt w the fire of the mountain called Gagxanul. Truly it was frightful to see the fire coming from the mountain,

http://ping.fm/JWxSs
31. They then arrived at the white hills called Teyocuman, coming there for the second time. There they sa

http://ping.fm/XsD2I art of our tribe." So spoke of yore our fathers and ancestors, oh my children, and we must not forget the words of these

http://ping.fm/TUp1C that thou art of our ancient home, no longer art thou a vassal nor carriest the net. The Caveks are received, and form p

http://ping.fm/V8twT thou art my brother, my kinsman." Thus he spoke to those of Ahquehay: "Thou art counted in my tribe, thy vassalage shows

http://ping.fm/TgdA6 by Gagavitz: "Thou art the fourth of our tribes, Gekaquch, Baqahol, Cavek, and Cibakihay." Thus he addressed them: "Truly

http://ping.fm/J3kVu ; they have diminished their regal dignity." So spoke they, and gave many gifts, they the fathers and ancestors of the Ca

http://ping.fm/8p5jY vek. There were two heroes, Totunay the name of one, Xurcah of the other, the vassals of Cavek Paoh; they were addressed

http://ping.fm/v6S5p art thou?" was asked. They answered: "We have been ruined by the Quiche men, we your brother, your kinsman, we the Cavek

http://ping.fm/7dGbL h the great pines, and they brought many of these doves caught in the nets, and said: "Oh our lord, do not slay us." "Who

http://ping.fm/64I6l ins and hides; hence they were called Ahquehay. Then they carried the nets to the woods; they caught doves in them beneat

http://ping.fm/rThhX t is that we hear?" Then said Loch and Xet: "They are our vassals, oh our lord, they obey us." They began to show their b

http://ping.fm/B28dV urdens; bird nets, maguey, tools for making shoes, were their burdens--no other burdens, for their houses were of deer sk

http://ping.fm/unIT3 laint of the doves beneath the great pines; the enchantment of the Cavek. Gagavitz and Zactecauh said: "Who art thou? Wha

http://ping.fm/nMV8Y e ahaua vi.

29. At this time they met the Cavek under the great pines, at the place called Ximbalxug. They heard the p

http://ping.fm/49Kqo x[c]ambex Cavek, que [c]a x[c,]akat vi chinamit ri, que cha oher ka tata ka mama, yxka[c]ahol, xa maqui hemezta ytzih ha

http://ping.fm/cOdl1 x chic Ahquehay, chirih nu chinamit cat ahilax vi, at rikan ka[c,]ak kibah catux, huruma ri mani rikan, xere vi ri xu[c],

http://ping.fm/6HOof amit catux, [t]eka[c]uch, Ba[c]ahol, Cavek Cibakihay, qui xucheex, kitzih vi chi at nu cha[t] nu nimal. Xavi [c]a xu chee

http://ping.fm/PoRqw otunay ru bi hun, Xurcah ru bi hun chic, [c]oh quikan Cavek Paoh ru bi, xeucheex [c]a ruma [t]a[t]avitz, at rucah nu chin

http://ping.fm/fl6Mp al, oh Cavek, xakoti[c]en atitil, a[t]ana abah, xecha [c]a ri ok xquiya quij, qui tata qui mama Caveki. He cay chi achi T

http://ping.fm/peGgX maqui quin a camiÁah. Chinak na [c]a catux, xucheex. Xcha[c]a: Xa xoh Áachcan ruma ahauh Qechee, xa oh acha[t] anim

http://ping.fm/lO2ob bex richin Áakcorovach xe nima chah, ok xuya [c]arij chupam xu[c] ri Áak corovach, xcha [c]a ok xuya ri: At ahauh,

http://ping.fm/bXdaC ni quikan xae ru ka xbachican quehay, [c,]umhay; quere quibinaam vi Ahquehayi ri. Ok xrip [c]ari xu[c] chuvi chee, x[c]am

http://ping.fm/xIU0n c]o vikan, at ahval, ha ti koqueÁah, xecha. Ox xquiz [c]a quikan; xa [c]a xu[c], Áakquiy, xabanbal xahab quikan, ma

http://ping.fm/7Idzu cavek. Que cha [c]a ri [t]a[t]avitz «actecauh: chinak tux ri, chinak chi kucheeh, quecha. Ok xcha [c]a ri Loch, Xet: [

http://ping.fm/k7GOF Cavek chiri xenima chah, Ximbal xu[c] rubi huyu. Ok xa[c]axax [c]a ro[t]ebal Áak corovach xe nima chah, ru halebal ri

http://ping.fm/cwdBg d they beat their drums; therefore the name of that spot is Tunacotzih, "the Drum-beating."

29. Ok xilitah chi [c]a ri

http://ping.fm/ATbpN inders. They went from there to Tunacotzih, "the sounding stone." There Loch and Xet made trial of the bows and drums, an

http://ping.fm/aRGUv t I have not passed because of the cinders," it was said. Thus the venison and the honey were protected by means of the c

http://ping.fm/SjZeD s said: "O thou lord, I will give thee the venison and the honey. I am the lord of the venison, the lord of the honey; bu

http://ping.fm/BJvjG ence with water, and the defence with cinders, they could not enter the place, and their hearts were weakened. Then it wa

http://ping.fm/po0Yf ey were in Cakhay; then it began with all of them in the place, and their hearts were weakened. But on account of the def

http://ping.fm/U8C83 hey shall be conquered, where they never before were conquered." Thus they spake when they ordered the slaughter, when th

http://ping.fm/zFDf4 place Cakhay; I shall enter the place Cakhay; I shall conquer them; their heart shall be weakened; there, in the place, t

http://ping.fm/yTUoX ry of all the seven villages of Tecpan, let us weaken their hearts; do thou count their faces, do thou stand here at the

http://ping.fm/8gk5M illages arrived. Then spoke Gagavitz and Zactecauh to the Quiche men: "Let us all go to the place. Let us conquer the glo

http://ping.fm/SsPWH Tunaco[c,]ih ri.

28. Then they went forth to meet those at the place Oronic Cakhay, and all the warriors of the seven v

http://ping.fm/ScYTP c,]ih [t]ahinak abah. Chiri[c]a xquitih vi qui [c]habi tun Loch Xet, xaco[c,]iham qui tun, quere[c]a xubinaah vican huyu

http://ping.fm/hv4gw ha ri yuquite chahom. Quere[c]a xrelahih vi queh cab, yuquite chahom ri. Xeel chi [c]a chiri xey[c]o chipe chuvi, Tunaco[

http://ping.fm/dTwfB maqui xi[c]o chupam huyu. Xcha: At ahau, xa tin ya queh cab chi vichin, yn ahqueh, yn ahcab quinux, maqui quin i[c]o, xc

http://ping.fm/iKBN3 to establish this point, they filed in their plea the full history of their tribe and genealogy of their family, so far

http://ping.fm/j1E80 some of their ancient possessions or privileges, as one of the two ruling families of the Cakchiquel nation; and in order

http://ping.fm/bosHe Spanish law delighted. The plaintiffs in the case seem to have been the Xahila family, who brought the action to recover

http://ping.fm/dBXzl ocess or lawsuit. These papers, therefore, form part of the record in one of those interminable legal cases in which the

http://ping.fm/Q335N ef, and the Cakchiquel [c]haoh, originally contention, revolt, was, after the Conquest, the technical term for a legal pr

http://ping.fm/RHXjF EMORIA CHIRE [C]HAOH.

THIS IS THE RECORD FOR THE PROCESS.

The word memoria is the Spanish for a record, memoir or bri

http://ping.fm/weMuo xplains the purpose of this miscellaneous collection of family documents. That caption is

[Illustration: Cross]

VAE M

http://ping.fm/vfWOI seventeen pages of such trivialities, and has no separate title or heading.

The caption of the first page of the MS. e

http://ping.fm/el869 of births, baptisms and marriages. The beginning of the text as printed in this volume, starts abruptly in the MS. after

http://ping.fm/XzsIO ry of the nation. The remainder is made up of an uninteresting record of village and family incidents, and of a catalogue

http://ping.fm/L5Q1i 96 pages of the original. These contain, however, all that is of general interest; all that pertains to the ancient histo

http://ping.fm/3SeVK ore appropriate name, The Annals of the Cakchiquels.

I say "for that portion of it," because I print but 48 out of the

http://ping.fm/jhVUZ s composition occurred there. I have, therefore, adopted for it, or at least that portion of it which I print, the much m

http://ping.fm/MURI1 the history of their tribe, and it is only by the accident of their removal to Atitlan, years after the Conquest, that it

http://ping.fm/fIVKb Atitlan, on the lake of that name, the chief city of the Tzutuhils; but its authors were Cakchiquels; its chief theme is

http://ping.fm/5p5Qy e Tecpan Atitlan, was purely factitious, and, moreover, is misleading. It was, indeed, written at the town of Tzolola or

http://ping.fm/xYsw8 must turn to the document itself for information.

The title given it by Brasseur, and adopted by Gavarrete, Memorial d

http://ping.fm/ucdf8 he opportunity of studying it.

Previous to its discovery in Guatemala, in 1844, we have no record of it whatsoever, and

http://ping.fm/ssLhL ent ethnologist learning my desire to include it in the present series of publications, was obliging enough to offer me t

http://ping.fm/CeQTB th at Nice, when, along with the rest of the AbbÈ's library, it passed into the hands of M. Alphonse Pinart. This emin

http://ping.fm/d6Icn t with SeÃ’or Gavarrete, and brought the original with him to Europe.[54-2] It remained in his possession until his dea

http://ping.fm/VTweR , doubtless availing himself of the partial translations previously furnished. His version completed, he left a copy of i

http://ping.fm/Ff8pj d Guatemala, SeÒor Gavarrete showed him this MS., and the AbbÈ borrowed it for the purpose of making a full version

http://ping.fm/3GW7Y s contents, but not a literal and complete translation.[54-1]

When, in 1855, the AbbÈ Brasseur (de Bourbourg) visite

http://ping.fm/I5z4z The document was submitted to several persons acquainted with the Cakchiquel language, who gave a general statement of it

http://ping.fm/3zqpV sheets, written entirely in Cakchiquel, except a few marginal glosses in Spanish, in a later hand, and in ordinary ink.

http://ping.fm/dCa6D cisco of Guatemala, by order of the Archbishop Don Francisco Garcia Pelaez. Among the MSS. of the archives he found these

http://ping.fm/pvfNc nslation of it, soon to be mentioned, that in 1844 he was commissioned to arrange the archives of the Convent of San Fran

http://ping.fm/u9tnW ence.

What is known of the history of this manuscript, is told us by Don Juan Gavarrete, who, for many years, was almos

http://ping.fm/dtDeG t the only native of Guatemala interested in the early history of his country. He tells us in his introduction to his tra

http://ping.fm/ArKRA sides in a very clear and regular hand, with indigo ink. It is incomplete, the last page closing in the middle of a sent

http://ping.fm/rNU1K s of Xahila.

The MS. from which I print the Annals of the Cakchiquels, is a folio of 48 leaves, closely written on both

http://ping.fm/OKyyd the most eminent linguists, and are considered by them to testify to remarkable native powers of mind.[53-1]

The Annal

http://ping.fm/Irgpd Grammar. It will be sufficient to say here that the tongue is one built up with admirable regularity on radicals of one

http://ping.fm/uaFDP or two syllables. The perfection and logical sequence of its verbal forms have excited the wonder and applause of some of

http://ping.fm/uXj9V ranslation given in this volume by comparing the original text, will need to procure all the information contained in the

http://ping.fm/w3qF5 ying much about the structure of the Cakchiquel language. Those who wish to acquaint themselves with it, and follow the t

http://ping.fm/CR0fE esired in the presentation of the work.

The recent publication of the Grammar also relieves me from the necessity of sa

http://ping.fm/KBUUM he types of the Latin alphabet; and both in this respect and in the fidelity of his translation, he has left much to be d

http://ping.fm/Hdj2g as printed at Paris in 1861, with a translation into French by the AbbÈ Brasseur (de Bourbourg). He made use only of t

http://ping.fm/8ckTl ok" of the Quiches, a document of the highest merits, and which will certainly increase in importance as it is studied, w

http://ping.fm/OAtLt quels, the latter published for the first time in this volume, are the most important known.

The former, the "Sacred Bo

http://ping.fm/Ag5kw regret of antiquaries.

Of those preserved, the Popol Vuh or National Book of the Quiches, and the Annals of the Cakchi

http://ping.fm/SQIS7 tongues, for the benefit of their fellow townsmen, and as they were never printed, most of them became lost, much to the

http://ping.fm/l5dMy zendal tribes. Vasquez, Fuentes and Juarros quote them frequently, and with respect. They were composed in the aboriginal

http://ping.fm/UsnC2 s frequently refer to the histories of their own nations, written out by members of the Quiche, Cakchiquel, Pokomam and T

http://ping.fm/L9w9C ht forward some striking testimony to this in Yucatan,[52-1] and there is even more in Central America. The old historian

http://ping.fm/9xc5o agerness with which it turned to literary pursuits, as soon as some of its members had learned the alphabet. I have broug

http://ping.fm/P1G0v bly the first to see the light.

The Maya race, in nearly all its branches, showed its intellectual superiority by the e

http://ping.fm/i7L4F ven dictionaries of the tongue, all quite comprehensive; manuscript copies of all are in the United States. None of these

http://ping.fm/FT55B half had, however, almost erased the vestiges of human life. "The ground was covered with mounds of ruins. In

http://ping.fm/BARF2 ticle, which distinguished the higher classes, was the seat or stool on which they sat during solemn ceremonies. This was

http://ping.fm/0GB0P steep and profound barranca, and the plain, "warrant the description given of it by Fuentes." A century and a

http://ping.fm/Nqa3g mche was visited in 1840 by the eminent American traveler, John L. Stephens. He states that its position, the

http://ping.fm/QapHZ e to that of another.[37-1] Another title, mentioned by Xahila, is ahpop-achi, the last word means man, vir.

A third ar

http://ping.fm/zdK03 onstantly stationed, to give notice of the invasions of the Quiches or of the Sotojil king."

The site of Ixi

http://ping.fm/CM3qY r of the council," and ordinarily was applied to an official who communicated the decisions of the councils of one villag

http://ping.fm/b6Pl5 of mounds, about a quarter of a league apart, extending for a considerable distance. On these, lookouts were c

http://ping.fm/XNa69 names of the ruling house, the chief ruler was known as Ahpo' Zotzil, and the second in rank and heir-apparent, as Ahpo'

http://ping.fm/cZfYQ Xahil. The oldest son of the former bore the title Ahpop-[c]amahay, which is translated by the best authorities "messenge

http://ping.fm/VBxcl doors in our prisons. They were always guarded with double guards, one within, the other without, and these gu

http://ping.fm/zSZn2 lood royal," combined these titles. They were ahau ahpop, "lords of the council." Uniting the latter title to the family

http://ping.fm/7eqGM ards were changed every seven days. In the open country, on the other side of the ravine, there were a number

http://ping.fm/HvdgH , mat; from the mats on which the councillors sat during their deliberations.

Personages of the highest rank, of the "b

http://ping.fm/Xkn1l is "to hold a council;" popol, a council; popoltzih, "to speak in council," etc. All these are derived from the word pop

http://ping.fm/B11hq d with two doors set in the solid wall, the external one opening outward, the internal one inward, and both we

http://ping.fm/9crBi were entitled to be present at the national council; ahpop, therefore, may be considered as equivalent to the German titl

http://ping.fm/xTAZa e Rath, counsellor, and appears to have been used much in the same conventional manner. In the Cakchiquel lexicons, popoh

http://ping.fm/xPjOP
"The principal gate of this stronghold or citadel was upon the causeway mentioned; and they say it was close

http://ping.fm/FZf3Z this day it is so employed on the grand altar of the convent of San Francisco de Tecpan goathemala, and it is

http://ping.fm/VQ3ko ah, with the word pop, which means a mat. To sit upon such a mat was a privilege of nobility, and of such dignitaries as

http://ping.fm/j5hlW considered a jewel of unusual beauty and value. The size of the stone is a full half yard in each direction.

http://ping.fm/skvjE t a special title, but a general term.

Scarcely less frequent is the term ahpop. This is a compound of the same prefix

http://ping.fm/48qsP rs that this stone should be artistically squared, and he consecrated it and used it as an altar stone, and at

http://ping.fm/mGfMZ e facts came to the knowledge of the Reverend Bishop Don Francisco Marroquin, of glorious memory, he gave orde

http://ping.fm/Y0uRr equivalent to chief, ruler, captain, lord, king, or emperor, by all which words it is rendered in the lexicons. It is no

http://ping.fm/keqdE ace, a resident there; and to a common noun, a worker in or owner of the article; and u, a collar, especially an ornament

http://ping.fm/Q7qnl al collar, here intended as a badge of authority. Ahau is, therefore, "the wearer of the collar;" and by this distinction

http://ping.fm/GczNM ate, as is stated both by Spaniards and the oldest natives. But in the early days of our occupation, when thes

http://ping.fm/RkG2q hence, when attached to a verb, conveying the notion of one accustomed to exercise the action indicated; to a noun of pl

http://ping.fm/iQxqe her hand, nothing could be seen in the transparency of the stone, the accused was forthwith discharged. This o

http://ping.fm/MuK6D dialects, is ahau. Probably this is a compound of ah, a common prefix in these tongues, originally signifying person, and

http://ping.fm/sbhCJ immediately executed on the central pedestal mentioned, which also served as a place of torture. If, on the ot

http://ping.fm/ZIDJk to them what should be their final decision. If it was that the sentence should be confirmed, the accused was

http://ping.fm/IReAA section I submit them to a critical examination.

The ordinary term for chief or ruler, in both the Cakchiquel and Maya

http://ping.fm/szlIq thought it best, generally, to give these terms an approximate English rendering in my translation, while in the present

http://ping.fm/o6boq transparent stone, of a finer grade than that called chay (obsidian). In its transparency, the demon revealed

http://ping.fm/gDb1g es; while to retain them in the version, renders it less intelligible, and even somewhat repulsive to the reader. I have

http://ping.fm/huMDE l but neatly fitted up chapel or temple, where was located the oracle of the demon. This was a black and semi-

http://ping.fm/u4r9p lation, which offer peculiar difficulty to the translator, because we have no corresponding expressions in European tongu

http://ping.fm/q7zzh eputies of the judges, and these went forth from the tribunal to a deep ravine, north of the Palace, to a smal

http://ping.fm/zRSiP ision, however, there remained an appeal for its revocation or confirmation. Three messengers were chosen as d

http://ping.fm/gkurv currence in Xahila's text, expressing the different offices in the government, rank in social life and castes of the popu

http://ping.fm/shnko the judges heard the pleas and pronounced sentences, in both civil and criminal causes. After this public dec

http://ping.fm/k8bBP ent of either sex to a grandchild of either sex.

Titles and Social Castes.

There are a number of terms of frequent re

http://ping.fm/uRZcD in Brasseur's writings), as the latter means "grandchild;" and according to Father Coto, it may be applied by a grandpar

http://ping.fm/LzX9J an anterior generation beyond the first degree. This word must not be confounded with mam (an error occurring repeatedly

http://ping.fm/exmJv not only was public hearing given to causes, but also the sentences were carried out. Seated around this wall,

http://ping.fm/St3uH tion is not known.

"This circular structure was the tribunal or consistory of the Cakchiquel Indians, where

http://ping.fm/u75hY treets. In the centre is placed a socle or pedestal of a glittering substance, like glass, but of what composi

http://ping.fm/fvr09 of the Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the British Cuneiform Tablets in the Kouyunjik Collection of the

http://ping.fm/CJLPX btained from supplementary excavations at Kouyunjik, has been published by L. W. King in his Supplement to the Catalogue

http://ping.fm/UCJXo gments in the Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek VI; pp. 116-265, with elaborate notes, pp. 421-531. Furthermore a fragment, o

http://ping.fm/qhJeB eremias Izdubar-Nimrod (Leipzig, 1891) Plates II-IV, and two more are embodied in Jensen's transliteration of all the fra

http://ping.fm/a9Zpf named in a list of texts (K 9717--Haupt's edition No. 51, line 18) as the editor of the Epic, though probably he was not

http://ping.fm/CuS0I the only compiler. Since the publication of Haupt's edition, a few fragments were added by him as an appendix to Alfred J

http://ping.fm/8vrEq nce this name appears as that of a family in tablets from Erech (see Clay, Legal Documents from Erech, Index, p. 73)--is

http://ping.fm/5xmZS c in Ashurbanapal's library--some sixty--represent portions of several copies. Sin-likÓ-unnini--perhaps from Erech, si

http://ping.fm/hx8y4 des Babylonischen Nimrodepos in BA I, pp. 48-79, containing the fragments of the twelfth tablet. The fragments of the Epi

http://ping.fm/beBKR one-half.



NOTES

[1] See for further details of this royal library, Jastrow, Civilization of Babylonia and Assyria,

http://ping.fm/jvU66 p. 21 seq.

[2] Das Babylonische Nimrodepos (Leipzig, 1884-1891), supplemented by Haupt's article Die Zwˆlfte Tafel

http://ping.fm/mrXo0 misread the text or mistransliterated it in over forty places, and of the 204 preserved lines he has mistranslated about

http://ping.fm/5WXGH m is the permansive III, 1, of at‚ru, "to be in excess of." The sign tu never has the value tu! In all, Langdon has

http://ping.fm/MSBvX lines;" and in the colophon he mistranslates s˙-tu-ur, "written," as though from sat‚ru, "write," whereas the for

http://ping.fm/aADKC missing within a line are inaccurate. Dr. Langdon also omitted to copy the statement on the edge: 4 sË™-si, i.e., "240

http://ping.fm/6nk6R he bottom of columns 1-3 as though the tablet were complete. Besides in very many cases the space indications of what is

http://ping.fm/0UxDc of columns 1-3 and at the top of columns 4-6 as given by Langdon are misleading. Nor should he have drawn any lines at t

http://ping.fm/0hB2E a instead of ri-es-su.

In general, it should be noted that the indications of the number of lines missing at the bottom

http://ping.fm/wjj5W 23. Read i-ni-ih i-ra-as-su, i.e., "his breast was quieted," in the sense of "his anger was appeased."

31. Read ri-es-k

http://ping.fm/zYY0q . Langdon's text has a superfluous ga.

22. Read uz-za-sË™, "his anger," instead of us-sa-sË™, "his javelin" (!).

http://ping.fm/D0nHC ased on the Assyrian version, Tablet IV, 2, 36.



Column 6.

3. Read i-na si-ri-[sË™].

5. Supply [il-li-ik].

21

http://ping.fm/5H3g6 a-la]-ak-tam at the end of the line, as in the Assyrian version, Tablet IV, 2, 37.

30. The conjectural restoration is b

http://ping.fm/Sqwta it-ti after dGis is suggested by the traces.

25. Read in-ni-[ib-bi-it] at the end of the line.

28. Read ip-ta-ra-[as

http://ping.fm/23KEO -mu]-ki i-wa.

18. Read ur-s·-nu instead of ip-s·-nu.

19. Read i-s·-ru instead of i-tu-ru.

24. The reading

http://ping.fm/ocEF6 V, 2, 45, s·-ki-i pu-[uk-ku-ul].

12. Traces at end of line suggest i-pa(?)-ka-du.

13. Read i-[na m‚ti da-an e

http://ping.fm/Cj8PX e second ma. At the end we are perhaps to supply [s·-ki-i pu]-uk-ku-ul, on the basis of the Assyrian version, Tablet I

http://ping.fm/5CUxf of Langdon's note 2 on page 218. Of six notes on this page, four are wrong.

11. The first sign appears to be si and th

http://ping.fm/FY04F s to line 9! The sign pi is unmistakable. This disposes of note 1 on p. 218.

9. Read Mi = salmu, "image." This disposes

http://ping.fm/eKjHh ble sense!



Column 5.

2. Read [wa]-ar-ki-sË™.

8. Read i-ta-wa-a instead of i-ta-me-a. The word pi-it-tam belong

http://ping.fm/KrniY ne has scratched the tablet at this point.

18. Read uk-la-at ‚li (?) instead of ug-ad-ad-lil, which gives no possi

http://ping.fm/7BsCc first sign of the line, tu, is not certain, because apparently written over an erasure. The second sign may be a. Some o

http://ping.fm/KBfJu f a-la-ku-zu(!) na-ah ... ma, which, naturally, Langdon cannot translate.

16. Read e-lu-tim instead of pa-a-ta-tim. The

http://ping.fm/jnMl4 s not certain; it may be ma.

11. Read lim-nu instead of mi-nu. In the same line read a-la-ku ma-na-ah-[ti]-ka instead o

http://ping.fm/H6Tbb su, not sË™.

10. Separate e-es ("why") from the following. Read ta-hi-[il], followed, perhaps, by la. The last sign i

http://ping.fm/xWBTt

Column 4.

4. The first sign is clearly iz, not ta, as Langdon has it in note 1 on page 216.

9. The fourth sign is

http://ping.fm/NMRtq line, is a grammatical monstrosity.

35. Read gis instead of wa.

37. Read perhaps a-na [na-ki-di-e i]- za-ak-ki-ir.

http://ping.fm/SA5yg -[di-e], instead of itti immer nakie which yields no sense. Langdon's rendering, even on the basis of his reading of the

http://ping.fm/u38XM can ut-tap-pi-is mean "capture." The first word means "dagger," and the second "he drew out."

33. Read it-ti-[lu] na-ki

http://ping.fm/DFyT7 is girru, "lion!"

30. Read SÃŒbmes, "shepherds," instead of sab-[si]-es!

31. sib-ba-ri is not "mountain goat," nor

http://ping.fm/OMHLi ad of it-ta-bir-ru.

22. Supply [l˘S˙]-I.

29. Read Ë™-gi-ir-ri from garËš ("attack), instead of separating i

http://ping.fm/RqAgO Langdon to render this perfectly simple line "of the conditions and the fate of the land"(!).

21. Read it-tam-ru inste

http://ping.fm/Ax5gP 5.



Column 3.

14. Read K‡s (= sikaram, "wine") si-ti, "drink," as in line 17, instead of bi-is-ti, which leads

http://ping.fm/PFtgn toration of lines 36-39 (perhaps to be distributed into five lines) on the basis of the Assyrian version, Tablet I, 4, 2-

http://ping.fm/aZwuu he shepherd"(!).

24. Read im-ta-har instead of im-ta-gar.

32. Supply ili(?) after ki-ma.

33. Read s·-ri-i-im as

http://ping.fm/y5hvE one word.

35. Read i-na [·s]-ri-s˙ [im]-hu-ru.

36. Traces at beginning point to either ˘ or ki (= itti). Res

http://ping.fm/mzzJE ividing into two words ma-a-ak and ri-i-im, as Langdon does, who suggests as a translation "unto the place yonder(?) of t

http://ping.fm/mSe3d ™ ki-ma].

23. Read as one word ma-a-ag-ri-i-im ("accursed"), spelled in characteristic Hammurabi fashion, instead of d

http://ping.fm/OZKvx šku ("strength") replaces nepistu of our text.

20. Read at-[ta kima Sal ta-ha]-bu-[ub]-sË™.

21. Read ta-[ra-am-sË

http://ping.fm/BusRS to this reading.

19. Read [gi]-it-ma-[lu] after dGis, as suggested by the Assyrian version, Tablet I, 4, 38, where emË

http://ping.fm/eBlrj the line di-da-s·(?) ip-tÌ-[e] instead of Di-?-al-lu-un (!).

5. Supply dEn-ki-du at the beginning. Traces point

http://ping.fm/LUDBD to be regarded as older than Uruk, which is to be resolved into uru, "city," and ki, "place," but rather as

http://ping.fm/tQBjA ion Unug or Unuk (see the gloss u-nu-uk, VR 23, 8a), composed of unu, "dwelling," and ki, "place," is hardly

http://ping.fm/xwmdE a "gunufied" extension, which conveys the idea of Unu = subtu, or "dwelling" par excellence. The pronunciat

http://ping.fm/i7fpE e held by Erech follows also from its ideographic designation (Br¸nnow No. 4796) by the sign "house" with

http://ping.fm/Hqwo4 , "Erech of the plazas," "Erech walled" and "Erech land," are to be regarded as synonymous. The position onc

http://ping.fm/eT33d ition which ascribed the building of the wall of the city to Gilgamesh. At all events, all three expressions

http://ping.fm/IAGiR appropriate and was replaced by the more modest designation of "walled Erech," with an allusion to the trad

http://ping.fm/eUWQ3 t center as early as 2000 B. C., whereas later, perhaps because of its decline, the epithet no longer seemed

http://ping.fm/mcsaY iginal confines. "Erech of the plazas" must have come to be used as a honorific designation of this importan

http://ping.fm/0IzHh on for "greater Erech," proper to a capital city, which by its gradual growth would take in more than its or

http://ping.fm/aV2de xt. Nineveh, together with the "suburbs," forms the "great city." Uruk ribÓtim is, therefore, a designati

http://ping.fm/ali1k as REHOBOT `IYR immediately follows the mention of Nineveh, it seems simplest to take the phrase as designa

http://ping.fm/srElL ting the "outside" or "suburbs" of the city, a complete parallel, therefore, to ri-bi-tu m‚ti in our te

http://ping.fm/huoCY of v. 12. The latter gloss is misplaced, since it clearly describes "Nineveh," mentioned in v. 11. Inasmuch

http://ping.fm/3SFRk li--which can hardly be the name of a city. It appears to be a gloss, as is HIY' HO`IYR HAGEDOLOH at the end

http://ping.fm/OVjnY e city. One naturally thinks of REHOBOT `IYR in Genesis 10, 11--the equivalent of Babylonian ri-bi-tu ‚

http://ping.fm/Sp7ag of which Erech was the capital, appears to be used as a synonym to Uruk ribÓtim, as may be concluded fro

http://ping.fm/xgd6v m the phrase i-na ri-bi-tum ma-ti (l. 214 of the Pennsylvania tablet), which clearly means the "plaza" of th

http://ping.fm/aI5Fe bÓtim. A third term, Uruk m‚tum (see above, note to line 10), though designating rather the district

http://ping.fm/0SVce . Albright (in a private communication) suggests "Erech of the plazas" as a suitable translation for Uruk ri

http://ping.fm/DKSnq mon" in a village community, while supËšri, "enclosed," would refer to the city within the walls. Dr. W. F

http://ping.fm/yILWQ an version we have Uruk su-pu-ri. The former term suggests the "broad space" outside of the city or the "com

http://ping.fm/zbgKC . Uruk ri-bi-tim, the standing phrase in both tablets of the old Babylonian version, for which in the Assyri

http://ping.fm/IjcHQ sittu, "sleep," and suttu, "dream."

Line 26. Cf. Assyrian version I, 6, 21--a complete parallel.

Line 28

http://ping.fm/dQ7cQ direct," "guide," etc.

Line 24. I take us-ti-nim-ma as III, 2, from isÍnu (YOSEN), the verb underlying

http://ping.fm/boNBu , 3b, 38, with malkÍ, "kings," as a synonym of itlutum.

Line 23. ta-tar-ra-as-s˙ from tar‚su, "

http://ping.fm/zAUAI , 3, and IV, 4, 7, ina siri ‚lid--both passages referring to Enkidu.

Line 21. Cf. Assyrian version II

http://ping.fm/o5YC9 n version X, 1, 13, mi-in-di-e ma-an-nu-u, "this is some one who," etc.

Line 18. Cf. Assyrian version I, 5

http://ping.fm/9HgJf Line 17. mi-in-di does not mean "truly" as Langdon translates, but "some one." It occurs also in the Assyria

http://ping.fm/uPUTd hir the parallel in the Assyrian version has iz-za-az (I, 5, 31), but VI, 197, we find pah-ru and pah-ra.

http://ping.fm/O27Au rech, occurs in the Assyrian version, e.g., I, 5, 31, and IV, 2, 38; also to be supplied, I, 6, 23.

For pa

http://ping.fm/tjUMD rew phrase NLE'ETIY NS' (Isaiah 1, 14).

Line 10. Uruk m‚tum, as the designation for the district of E

http://ping.fm/41Os6 g like a mass (i.e., a meteor) of heaven."

Line 9. For nussasu ˚l iltÍ we have a parallel in the Heb

http://ping.fm/BpQE7 mass of heaven." Note also I, 3, 16, where in a description of Gilgamesh, his strength is said to be "stron

http://ping.fm/AuCMf the heavens in general. In the Assyrian version (I, 5, 28) we have kima ki-is-r˘, i.e., "something like a

http://ping.fm/zLa4t l be described as a "mass" coming from Anu, i.e., from the god of heaven who becomes the personification of

http://ping.fm/pWjzU ading.

Line 7. kisru s· Anim, "mass of Anu," appears to be the designation of a meteor, which might wel

http://ping.fm/TNSDF rry heaven (or "the stars in heaven") was there," etc. Langdon's note 2 on page 211 rests on an erroneous re

http://ping.fm/H2Fmx blet I, 5, 27) has the ideograph for star, with the plural sign as a variant. Literally, therefore, "The sta

http://ping.fm/oB4Rc -ma-i must be taken as a compound term for "starry heaven." The parallel passage in the Assyrian version (Ta

http://ping.fm/SR9YM ed himself the question, what it could possibly mean. How can one walk among omens?

Line 6. ka-ka-bu s·

http://ping.fm/q54Nw ment of Gish "wandering about in the midst of omens" (misreading id-da-tim for it-lu-tim), he might have ask

http://ping.fm/HewAE i-it-ka (l. 262), "thy night," i.e., "at night to thee."

Line 5. Before Langdon put down the strange state

http://ping.fm/oKziN rsion, e.g., I, 5, 26 (parallel passage to ours) and II, 4a, 14. In the Yale tablet we find, similarly, mu-s

http://ping.fm/vzmFr course of this night of mine. A curious way of putting it, but the expression occurs also in the Assyrian ve

http://ping.fm/aIsDl as here in the Assyrian version I, 5, 25.

Line 3. ina s‚t musitia, "in this my night," i.e., in the

http://ping.fm/t0w2e erroneously speaks of our text as "late." Pas‚ru is not a variant of zak‚ru. Both verbs occur just

http://ping.fm/LGNgP nterpretation for his dream. This disposes of Langdon's note 1 on page 211 of his edition, in which he also

http://ping.fm/7I4dP HE PENNSYLVANIA TABLET.

Line 1. The verb tib˚ with pas‚ru expresses the aim of Gish to secure an i

http://ping.fm/7B7qm nlil has decreed for thee. Second tablet, enlarged beyond [the original(?)]. 240 lines.



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